Mooney VR46 Racing Team's Bezzecchi posted a time of 1:29.671 to snatch pole on the Chang International Circuit from Pramac Ducati's Jorge Martin, while Ducati's Francesco Bagnaia completed the front row.
"I don't know where I found that from. In the last final minutes of the session, I said 'I have to go' and not worry about anyone else," Bezzechi said, whose pole was also the first for Mooney VR46 Racing Team, which is owned by MotoGP great Valentino Rossi.
"In the last final minutes of the session, I said 'I have to go' and not care about anyone else and try to push the best I can. I saw that I was fast but I didn't expect to make (1:29.671).
"Also, I didn't know I was in pole position because I couldn't check any of the big screens with the sun. Unbelievable, I'm very proud of my first pole, but the important part is tomorrow so we have to be focused."
Italian Bagnaia, who is second in the championship standings 18 points behind Quartararo, will be the only title contender in the front row.
"The pace in practice was so strong, so I think we are ready for the race tomorrow," Bagnaia said.
The championship hopes of Aprilia Racing's Aleix Espargaro, who is third in the overall standings, took a blow after he narrowly missed the cut for Q2, meaning he will line up in 13th place on the grid.
Johann Zarco, Enea Bastianini and Jack Miller were fifth, sixth and seventh respectively, with Bezzecchi's team mate Luca Marini finishing ninth as Ducati dominated the qualifying.
Honda's six-time MotoGP champion Marc Marquez, who took pole at the Japanese GP last week, finished eighth.
