Adams earned man-of-the-match honours for the United States' first two World Cup games, leading them to the last 16 after they failed to qualify for the 2018 tournament.
"Receiving this type of recognition is certainly special, but for me, the team’s success is the most important thing," said Adams, who was the youngest US men's captain at a World Cup since 1950.
"Having the experience of going to the World Cup, performing well as a group and moving the sport forward in the United States was super important to me this year, and I couldn’t have done it without my teammates."
Adams was an overwhelming favourite for fans: Out of five finalists, he received 71.6% of the fan vote, compared to 14.7% for Christian Pulisic and 8.2% for goalkeeper Matt Turner.
