The 18-year-old Antonelli stormed to the front of the grid for Saturday's race with a fastest lap of 1:26.482 to leave the McLaren pair of Oscar Piastri and Lando Norris in second and third.
"It was a very intense qualifying. I felt really good since this morning and I felt good going into qualifying. I put everything together, so really happy to get the first pole," said the teenager.
"Tomorrow will be nice to start on the front row, will be a bit of a different feeling."
The rookie, who only passed his driving test in January, entered F1's record books last month when he became the youngest driver to lead a race, breaking a record held by Max Verstappen from back in 2016 in Japan.
Mercedes team chief Toto Wolff was purring in the paddock after the stunning display from the Bologna-born driver.
"He's a young man... Hopefully we make a lot of fun in the future, a lot of happiness," he said.
"It's about the trajectory. It's not whether it's a pole in the sprint, or tomorrow, he has done it and he's quickest."
Antonelli's British teammate George Russell had to settle for fifth place on the grid.
"I've been struggling a little bit today, a little bit off the pace, not been so comfortable," he said.
"We just wanted to go on the early side because ultimately I didn't quite have that confidence, and we thought maybe if there's a yellow or a red at the end of the session, it will come our way.
"P5 today, not great, more to improve, but amazing for Kimi and the team. Massive congrats to Kimi. Really pleased to see. He did an amazing job. He has been really quick all day. Really impressive."
