The 22-year-old Briton overcame her Chinese opponent 7-5, 4-6, 6-3 in her first appearance at the French Open since 2022.
Raducanu fell in the second round three years ago in her only previous appearance at the tournament, and will face a stern test if she is to better her Roland Garros record this time around.
She will meet four-time winner Swiatek in the round of 64, after the Pole swept through 6-3, 6-3 against Slovakian Rebecca Sramkova.
Swiatek holds a 4-0 record over Raducanu, with her most recent victory a bruising 6-1, 6-0 win in the third round of the Australian Open in January.
